21 Coastal and port States incur substantial expenditure in providing physical aids to
navigation, whether funded by the public purse or met by the shipowner through dues levied on
port traffic. Although a great deal has been done by coastal and port States in reducing such
costs
- by automation, by the application of low-maintenance equipment and by the use of renewable
energy sources - there will be continued upwards pressure on the cost of servicing aids to
navigation networks, given the dependence on skilled labour and fuel. For developing countries
especially, the establishment costs for physical aids to navigation or the costs to affect a transfer
to the use of renewable energy sources or increased automation can be considerable. A
comprehensive and integrated E-Navigation strategy would provide the opportunity for
reducing overall costs whilst fully meeting obligations for the safety of navigation.